previous research
The Syro-Palestinian littoral, commonly known as the Levant, is now taken up by six modern nation states Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and the Palestine Autonomy. This configuration and the political instability in the region over the last fifty years have influenced archaeological research, and any interpretation of distribution patterns in this area is hazardous. This is true also for the distribution of Mycenaean pottery, which has been found at 111 sites, from Charchemish site no....
the role of mycenaean pottery in the material culture of thapsos
Mycenaean, Cypriot and Maltese imported pottery form only a small part of the ceramic record in the tombs at Thapsos. Maltese cups have been found in relative abundance in the settlement contemporary with the necropolis.41 The same cannot be said for Myceanean - or Cypriot - pottery, which appears to have been scarce among the settlement finds.42 This could indicate that Mycenaean pottery 36 Tombs nos. 10, 38, A1, XXI 47. 37 Tomb XXI 47 produced two Base Ring II ware vessels and one White...
funerary contexts Ttv
In total, sixty-seven tombs from Thapsos have been published, including the nine enchytrismoi.14 Mycenaean pottery has been reported from twenty-two of these, as is indicated in Table 16.1 below. Such a figure could indicate that only a minority of the tombs contained Mycenaean pottery. However, the heavy disturbances in many of the funerary cellars, as well as the small number of Aegean vessels in most of the tombs, argues for caution in this respect. Little can be said about the spatial...
conclusions
In each of the three areas which have been the focus of this study, Mycenaean pottery is completely different from the products of the local and regional potting-industries. In the Levant, during the Late Bronze Age, potters had returned to using a slow wheel for ceramic production and painted decoration was not very common.55 In Cyprus, even though a standardised wheel-made ceramic industry developed during LC IIC, pottery generally was handmade and comprised a comparatively restricted range...
social groups to be associated with mycenaean pottery
The evidence from Ugarit and Hazor indicates that Mycenaean pottery, as a general class of material, was widely used by various social groups in these cities. The widespread use of Mycenaean pottery among urban population groups is evident at other sites in the Levant as well. Many of the Mycenaean finds reported from Alalakh site no. 137 cannot be ascribed to architectural structures with certainty, but at least some of them have been found in buildings meant for habitation.14 Indeed, in...
the range of mycenaean vessel types
From the overview presented in the previous section it is clear that the repertoire of Mycenaean pottery outside the Aegean encompasses a wide range of open and closed pot shapes. In order to identify patterns in the contextual distribution of such a wide range of vessels, they need to be classified in a suitable framework. In a study dealing with the use and appreciation of the vessels themselves, a classi- twenty-three analysed sherds fell into the Berbati Balensi 1980, 485. Open shapes are...
the role of mycenaean pottery in the material culture of deir alla
Mycenaean ceramic vessels are the only imports at Deir 'Alla which can be identified as coming from the Aegean. In addition, three fragments of Cypriot White Slip II milk bowls have been discovered, while a fourth sherd is likewise labelled as Cypriot.31 A number of cylinder seals from northern Syria have been found, as well as a variety of objects from Egypt, such as seals, faience amulets, scarabs and a faience vessel.32 The spatial distribution of these imports at the tell is indicated in...
funerary contexts Vnm
It has been estimated that as many as one thousand tombs had been discovered at Enkomi, of which the overwhelming majority by clandestine tomb robbers.67 Somewhat more than 180 tombs have been investigated more or less systematically, but the extent to which these have been published varies.68 All burials have been found within the enclosure of the city wall, in the settlement area fig 2.1 . However, not all burials appear to have been directly related to settlement structures. Twenty-four...
the role of mycenean pottery in the material culture of enkomi
Apart from the Mycenaean vessels, few other objects produced in the Aegean have been found at Enkomi. A bronze jug from the main burial chamber of Sw. T. 18, dated to LC IIC, is certainly not Cypriot in shape and finds its best parallels in the Aegean.120 Considering the extensive evidence for copper working at Enkomi, however, it is possible that this jug was produced at Enkomi itself. A silver Vapheio-cup in British tomb 92 shows that an Aegean vessel in precious metal was imported already at...
differentiation within the repertoire of mycenaean pottery Fkx
The matt-painted pottery dating to the earliest phases of Aegean contacts with Italy has at Lipari been found together with 'lustrous' Mycenaean decorated pottery. On Filicudi site no. 321 , matt-painted and coarse ware pottery has similarly been found in several structures in association with 'true' Mycenaean vessels.86 On Vivara site no. 342 , one matt-painted fragment has been found in Punta Mezzogiorno, while all other fragments came from Punta d'Alaca, where such pottery was found together...
the mycenaean pottery Koh
In total, five Mycenaean vessels and one derivative of Syro-Palestinian manufacture have been published from Tell Deir 'Alla see Catalogue IV . One of these five vessels cat. no. 2 may have a Minoan origin.11 Since none of the pots has been subject to scientific provenance research, the origin of the vessels cannot be established with certainty. However, in view of the provenances for Mycenaean pottery in Palestine in general, it is conceivable that most of the vessels at Deir 'Alla were...
mycenaean repertoire Aoz
The large quantities of Mycenaean pottery at Lipari and Broglio are paralleled only at a few other sites in the central Mediterranean. More than 340 Mycenaean sherds have been published from the island of Vivara site no. 342 ,2 while the excavations at Scoglio del Tonno in Taranto site no. 314 produced more than 150 Mycenaean finds.3 In Nuraghe Antigori site no. 348 , where Bronze Age levels have been reached in a limited number of rooms, more than forty Mycenaean finds were made, but over 100...
on site distribution of the mycenaean pottery
Even though the excavation report states that the Late Bronze Age sherds from area E were similar to those from areas A and B, no Mycenaean pottery has been reported from trench E.14 The same is true for trenches D, F, G and H. All Aegean-type pottery has been found in trenches A and B, or during the surface investigations of the large area C Table 12.1 . According to the figures in Table 12.1, there appears to be a concentration of Mycenaean finds in area A. The difference in size between...
Info
ed from Mycenaean Greece are almost non-existent in most areas.6 Other differences are visible in the range of pot shapes found in the eastern and central Mediterranean. The occurrence in Cyprus, and to a lesser extent in the Levant, of vessel types which are rare in Greece led to the term Levanto-Helladic ware, to indicate a group of pot shapes believed to have been produced in Cyprus.7 Shallow bowls FS 295-296 , chalices FS 278 , angular jugs FS 139 , amphoroid kraters FS 53-55 and zoomorphic...
mycenaean presence in the mediterranean
Another issue which is closely related to the subject of this book concerns the degree to which Aegeans actively participated in the international economy of the Late Bronze Age. Ideas about this topic have been formulated since the days of Heinrich Schliemann, who believed that the Shaft Graves at Mycenae could only be accounted for by a Phoenician invasion.53 The discovery of large amounts of Mycenaean pottery in tombs at Minet el-Beida and Ras Shamra Ugarit led C. Schaeffer to believe that...
the role of mycenaean pottery in the material culture of lipari
The three successive strata vary in the extent to which they have produced objects other than the Mycenaean ceramic vessels deriving from international and regional exchange. In the Capo Graziano level, a bead of white-blue glass paste was found in structure 8 XXI.52 An Aegean origin for the glass beads in Italy has been proposed.53 However, a production of glass products within the central Mediterranean cannot be excluded, as is suggested by the evidence for the circulation of glass ingots in...
funerary evidence Ppc
Very few Bronze Age sites have been discovered in Italy with both a settlement and a necropolis. At Thapsos, the excavations of the settlement have not been published, while the Ausonio I and II cremation burials at Lipari have not yielded any Aegean pottery. At Molinella site no. 298 a dolmen has been excavated, but Mycenaean pottery has only been found in the associated proto-Appennine B settlement.99 Another dolmen site no. 302 100 containing a LH I-LH II cup has been discovered some...
mycenaean repertoires
As is clear from the discussions in chapter 2, the Levant has the most sites with Mycenaean pottery, but the density is highest in Cyprus, as is the absolute number of pots. A common characteristic of the distribution pattern in all areas is that everywhere a large number of sites has produced very few Mycenaean finds, while only a few sites have yielded substantial quantities of it. Several large urban centres along the Levantine coast have produced large amounts of this pottery however, it...
Info Xry
1047-1049, 1050-1055, 10571060, 1067-1085, 1262-1269, 1287, 1294-1301, 1308, 1309, 1318 1302, 1310, 1312 1124-1130, 1270-1274, 13031307, 1311, 1313-1317, 1275 724, 756 759 Q1W Cy. T. 19 uppermost burial Q4W Cy. T. 10 2nd burial layer Q4W Cy. T. 10 3rd burial layer 916-921, 924-927 915, 922, 923, 928, 929 gold bands t.c. bull figurine p. Cyp. gold earrings, mouthpiece, diadems br. bowl, iv. alab. vases faience zoomorphic rhyton, stone seal, figurines p. Cyp. p. Cyp. br. bowl st. mortar p. cyp.,...
the mediterranean background
The geographical area in which Mycenaean pottery has been distributed, is exceptionally large. The westernmost finds have been made in El Llanete de los Moros in Spain, in the Guadalquivir valley in the province of Andalusia.22 Finds at Meskene-Emar along the Euphrates river in Syria represent the easternmost finds,23 although a Mycenaean sherd has been reported from Babylon in Iraq.24 The southernmost finds come from Argo Island in ancient Nubia.25 A sherd found at Treazzano di Monsampolo in...
settlement contexts Qls
The buildings at Deir Alla were grouped around the cella, which was built on a raised platform.24 The cella and the rooms immediately to the west can be considered as one architectural complex, to which the treasury also belonged, as it was connected to the main building by a courtyard. The easternmost building appears to have been isolated from the main complex and it may be assumed that it fulfilled separate, special functions.25 The treasury and the easternmost building are comparable to the...
distribution of mycenaean pottery in the central mediterranean
Within the central Mediterranean a geographical distinction must, of course, be made between the Italian mainland, Sicily and Sardinia the Maltese islands, should also be considered separately. The Italian peninsula is geographically determined by the Apennine mountain range, which stretches from Piemonte near Genoa into northern Calabria. A general distinction can be made between the coastal plains and valleys and the highlands in the interior. On the Italian mainland, the overall distribution...
differentiation within the repertoire of mycenaean pottery
Mycenaean pottery in LH I-LH IIIA1 style, although not abundant, appears to have been restricted at Hazor to areas of an official nature. A similar restriction was not recognised at Ugarit, where such early pottery occurred in various contexts in three different excavated parts of the site. As was made clear in chapter 2, Minoan and Mycenaean pottery from the first part of the Late Bronze Age has been reported from twenty sites in the Levant, both on the coast and more inland. Even though this...
the extent of the international trading networks
The presence in the central Mediterranean of different categories of Aegean pottery dating to the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age indicates that regional exchange networks in this area were interconnected with networks in the Aegean. It has been suggested that during this early period Mycenaean trade was aimed at the central Mediterranean because the eastern Mediterranean networks were being monopolised by the Minoans, and that only after the take-over of Knossos did the eastern routes...
distribution of mycenaean pottery in the levant
The distribution of Mycenaean pottery in the Levant is presented in Map 6, which shows that this class of material has been found at places along the coast, as well as in the interior. In Syria and Lebanon, sites with such pottery in the interior are concentrated in the Orontes and Beqa valleys, although there is a notable distribution in the direction of Carchemish site no. 133 along the upper Euphrates. In the south, there is a clustering of sites in the valley of the Jordan river and its...
mediterranean
The area in which Mycenaean pottery is distributed is represented in Map 1. This material has been found in at least fourteen modern nation states.50 The archaeology and history of each of these countries is completely different. Political events have greatly influenced the accessibility of regions and sites to conduct archaeological research. The conservation of excavated material in storerooms, as well as its accessibility also varies highly, as is sadly illustrated by the Turkish occupation...
the mycenaean pottery Yud
The thirty-eight Mycenaean vessels and sherds in Catalogue IX derive from the tombs at Thapsos. In the settlement, Mycenaean pottery has also been found.10 However, these vessels or their contexts have not been published and they are excluded here. None of the material in Catalogue IX has been subject to scientific provenance research. Taylour noted that many of the decorative motifs on the Mycenaean pottery from Thapsos had their best parallels at Chalcis on Euboea in Greece.11 In his opinion,...
mycenaean repertoire 1
Considerable differences have been observed between the quantity of Mycenaean pottery reported from Enkomi on the one hand and from Athienou and Apliki on the other. At least as much Mycenaean pottery as at Enkomi has been found at Hala Sultan Tekke site no. 65 , both from the settlement and from tombs.1 At Kition site no. 63 substantial quantities of Mycenaean pottery have also been discovered from tombs 4 5 and the two burial layers in tomb 9 came more than 300 LH IIIA2-LH IIIB vessels 2...
social groups associated with the mycenaean pottery
Mycenaean pottery was used widely by different groups in the societies of Enkomi and Apliki and was associated with day-to-day activities. At Kition site no. 63 LH IIIB pottery has been reported from various rooms of the level IV building in area I.56 Furnaces and slag show that this building served as an industrial complex and included several copper workshops. Additional Mycenaean finds in the same area came from higher levels in which LH IIIC-type pottery was present as well.57 Even though...
the role of mycenaean pottery in the material culture of ugarit
Mycenaean and Minoan ceramic vessels and Mycenaean figurines are the only imports at Ugarit which are of certain Aegean origin.149 Even though imports constitute only a small percentage of the total of finds made at Ras Shamra and Minet el-Beida, the occurrence of objects from many different areas is a characteristic of the material culture in Ugarit and a sign of the cosmopolitan culture of the Levant in the LBA in general.150 Within such a material environment, ceramic vessels from the Aegean...
introduction Cxy
In the central part of Cyprus, the Mesaoria plain is bordered on its southern side by limestone hills. Athienou is situated in the foothills, in close proximity of both the central plain and mining districts such as Troulli or Sha. The site of Bamboulari tis Koukouninas is situated on a natural hillock, which rises some 2 m above its surroundings. It covers some 2500 sqm which have been excavated down to virgin soil for more than 90 Fig. 11.1 .1 The lowest archaeological layers which have been...